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Dehydration occurs when your body does not have as much water and fluids as it should.

Dehydration can be mild, moderate, or severe, based on how much of your body’s fluid is lost or not replaced. Severe dehydration is a life-threatening emergency.

Causes

You can become dehydrated if you lose too much fluid, don’t drink enough water or fluids, or both.

Your body may lose a lot of fluid from:

• Sweating too much, for example, from exercising in hot weather
• Fever
• Vomiting or diarrhea
• Urinating too much (uncontrolled diabetes or some medications, like diuretics, can cause you to urinate a lot)

You might not drink enough fluids because:

• You don’t feel like eating or drinking because you are sick
• You are nauseated
• You have a sore throat or mouth sores

Older adults and people with certain diseases, such as diabetes, are also at higher risk for dehydration.

Symptoms

Signs of mild to moderate dehydration:

• Thirst
• Dry or sticky mouth
• Not urinating much
• Darker yellow urine
• Dry, cool skin
• Headache
• Muscle cramps

Signs of severe dehydration:

• Not urinating, or very dark yellow or amber-colored urine
• Dry, shriveled skin
• Irritability or confusion
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Rapid heartbeat
• Breathing rapidly
• Sunken eyes
• Listlessness
• Shock (lack of blood flow through the body)
• Unconsciousness or delirium

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will look for these signs of dehydration:

• Low blood pressure
• Blood pressure that drops when you stand up after lying down
• White finger tips that do not return to a pink color after your doctor presses the fingertip
• Skin that is not as elastic as normal. When your health care provider pinches it into a fold, it may slowly sag back into place. Normally, skin springs back right away.
• Rapid heart rate

Your doctor may do lab tests:

• Blood tests to check kidney function
• Urine tests to see what may be causing dehydration
• Other tests to see what may be causing dehydration blood sugar test for diabetes

Treatment

To treat dehydration:

• Try sipping water or sucking on ice cubes.
• Try drinking water or sports drinks that contain electrolytes.
• Do not take salt tablets. They can cause a serious complication.
• Learn what to eat if you have diarrhea.

For more severe dehydration or heat emergency, you may need to stay in a hospital and receive fluid through a vein (IV). Your health care provider will also treat the cause of the dehydration.

Dehydration caused by a stomach virus should get better on its own after a few days.

Outlook (Prognosis)

If you notice signs of dehydration and treat it quickly, you should recover completely.

Possible Complications

If untreated, severe dehydration may cause:

• Death
• Permanent brain damage
• Seizures

When to Contact a Medical Professional

• The person loses consciousness at any time.
• There is any other change in the person’s alertness (for example, confusion or seizures).
• The person has a fever over 102 °F.
• You notice symptoms of heatstroke (like rapid pulse or rapid breathing).
• The person’s condition does not improve or gets worse despite treatment.

Prevention

• Drink plenty of fluids every day, even when you are well. Drink more when the weather is hot or you are exercising.
• If anyone in your family is ill, pay attention to how much they are able to drink. Pay close attention to children and older adults.
• Anyone with a fever, vomiting, or diarrhea should drink plenty of fluids. DO NOT wait for signs of dehydration.
• If you think you or someone in your family may become dehydrated, call your health care provider. Do this before the person becomes dehydrated.

What are aphthous mouth ulcers?

Aphthous mouth ulcers are painful sores that can occur anywhere inside the mouth. They are the most common type of mouth ulcer.

What causes aphthous mouth ulcers?

The cause is not known. They are not infectious, and you cannot ‘catch’ aphthous mouth ulcers. In most cases, the ulcers develop for no apparent reason in people who are healthy.

In some cases the ulcers are related to other factors or diseases. These include:

• Injury – such as a graze from a harsh toothbrush, etc.
• Changes in hormone levels.
• Smoking.
• A lack of iron, or a lack of certain vitamins such as vitamin B12 and folic acid.
• Spicy food.
• Mouth ulcers run in some families. So, a genetic factor may play a part in some cases.
• Stress or anxiety .
• Some medications can cause mouth ulcers. Examples of medicines that can cause mouth ulcers are: anti-inflammatory medicines (eg, ibuprofen) and oral nicotine replacement therapy.
• Mouth ulcers are more common in people with Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease, HIV infection, and Behçet’s disease. However, these ulcers are not the aphthous type.

What are the treatments for aphthous ulcers?

Treatment aims to ease the pain when ulcers occur, and to help them to heal as quickly as possible. There is no treatment that prevents aphthous mouth ulcers from recurring.

No treatment may be needed

The pain is often mild, particularly with the common ‘minor’ type of aphthous ulcer. Each bout of ulcers will go without treatment.

General measures include

• Avoiding spicy foods, acidic fruit drinks, and very salty foods (such as crisps) which can make the pain and stinging worse.
• Using a straw to drink, to avoid the liquids touching ulcers in the front of the mouth. (Note: do not drink hot drinks with a straw, as you may burn your throat.)
• Using a very soft toothbrush. See a dentist if you have badly fitting dentures.
• If you suspect a medication is causing the ulcers, then a change may be possible. For example, if you are using oral nicotine replacement therapy (nicotine gum or lozenges), it may help to use a different type instead such as patches or nasal spray.

Some medicines may ease your symptoms from the mouth ulcers

• Chlorhexidine mouthwash may reduce the pain. It may also help ulcers to heal more quickly. It also helps to prevent ulcers from becoming infected. Unfortunately, it does not reduce the number of new ulcers.
• Steroid (Trialon) may also reduce the pain, and may help ulcers to heal more quickly.
• A painkilling oral rinse, gel, or mouth spray may help to ease pain.